---

---

USING THIS PRIMER :
1. Click any of the links on the right panel to move from one page to another.
2. Hover the mouse over any of the links and a hand will show and change color.
3. NEXT SLIDE : Click the "page number" at the bottom of the panel at the right.

---

---

Electronics Computers and Communications Engineering Department
School of Science and Engineering
Ateneo de Manila University
26 August 2004

PART 1
- WHAT's THE FUSS ABOUT HYBRIDS-ELECTRIC VEHICLES?

PART 2
- WHAT BENEFITS TO THE PHILIPPINES DO HYBRIDS OFFER?

PART 3
- HYBRIDS DESIGNED FOR FOR PHILIPPINE CONDITIONS

PART 4
- TECHNOLOGICAL, FINANCIAL, AND LEGISLATIVE MECHANISMS

1.1 Why would anyone think about hybrids at all?

1.2 HOW does the hybrid save on gas?

1.3 Back to the hybrid saving gas

On the outside, a hybrid looks like any ordinary 
    vehicle.  

  -- Inside, it has 
     --- smaller engine
     --- electric motor
     --- relatively larger batteries
     
Transport sector uses gas
  
  -- carry commodities - Vegetables, fruits and other 
     merchandise
  
  -- market prices of commodities increase with 
     price of gas

Will hybrid solve issue of rising cost of gas?
  - NO! - cost is fixed by the traders 
  - NO! - old and inefficient engines use more gas
  
Then, why use hybrid at all?
  - enable us to use more energy from the one 
    liter of gas 
  - enable us to use less gas to bring cargo and 
    passengers from one place to another

Will the hybrid accomplish the desired savings?
  - YES, Almost all well-designed hybrids will 
    accomplish this.  Some will be better at it 
    than others.
  - amount of savings will depend upon the road 
    conditions where you will drive the hybrid 
    and whether it is designed for those road 
    conditions.  
  - you must look for the hybrid that is designed 
    for the kind of road where you will be 
    traveling.
  - Remember that you might be paying more for the 
    hybrid that is really not made for your road 
    conditions, and you would be disappointed.

(1) I thought that the gas we load in the gas tank 
      is all used by the engine.  What is this about 
      throwing away heat energy?
  - Gas is the source of the energy that we use in the 
    engine to go from one place to another.
  - The fact is that most cars use only one part for 
    every six parts of heat energy from the gas that 
    we put in our gas tank.  
  - That means the heat energy of about 170 milliliters 
    for every 1000 ml (one liter) of gas.  
  - The rest of the energy content of the remaining 830 ml 
    is “thrown away” as very hot waste products at the 
    exhaust tail pipe, and as hot air at the engine's 
    radiator.  
  - What a waste, isn't it?

(2) I thought that the gas we load in the gas tank 
      is all used by the engine.  What is this about 
      throwing away heat energy?
  - Another way of saying this is: you bought one 
    liter of gas for 25 pesos from the gas station, 
    but you used only 1/6th of the heat energy of 
    that gas.  If you want to use all the energy 
    from one liter of gas, you will need to buy 
    6 liters, and this would cost you 150 pesos.
  - Would you be happy if you used more energy from the 
    gas that you bought, and threw away less?  Of course, 
    you would be happier if you used more energy from 
    the gas than only 1/6th of what is available.  What 
    about being able to use 1/4th of the energy content 
    of one liter and throw away less, or only 3/4th 
    of the energy?

(3) I thought that the gas we load in the gas tank 
      is all used by the engine.  What is this about 
      throwing away heat energy?
  - It will not be the best solution, but you would 
    need to buy only 4 liters instead of 6.  And the 
    resulting price of the energy from you “used” 
    will only be 100 pesos.  If you are a transport 
    operator, or a car owner who uses his car a lot, 
    you will be very happy about this 33% savings on 
    your usage of gas.  You will be spending less 
    money on gas for traveling the same distance.  
  - But why can't we use all the energy in the gas 
    that we buy?  It would have been nice if it is so, 
    but the engine of the vehicle itself has 
    limitations.  The efficiency that it can attain 
    is limited to usually around 1/3rd.

FIRST

  - We determine the running conditions of load and 
    speed where our engine will use the least amount 
    of gas to bring passengers and cargo from one 
    place to another.  

  - Once we find these conditions, we decide that we 
    will run our engine only under these conditions.  

SECOND

  - But then, you might point out that we would 
    always be bumping the vehicles and pedestrians 
    in front of us.  

  - Yes, this is true.  

  - So we use an electric motor that will be driven 
    from a battery, when we need to run our vehicle 
    at slower speeds and light loads.  

THIRD 

  - But the charge of the battery will soon be 
    consumed and you will stop on the road and become 
    a road hazard.  
  - We do not need to stop on the road because of this 
    “low batt” condition.  
  - We will charge the batteries whenever our engine 
    is running.  
  - This is done in the same way as alternators charge 
    the batteries of conventional cars.  
  - The difference is that our alternator and our 
    batteries are larger than the usual ones used by 
    conventional cars. 

FOURTH

  - NO, we will not be hitting everybody on the road 
    because we will be running our engine only when we 
    need power.  

  - In addition, our engine will be carrying heavy 
    load because we will connect an alternator to it.  
    This will act as load and will slow it down a bit.

FIFTH

  - This alternator will now charge the batteries so 
    that we can drive our electric motor again as 
    we wish.

SIXTH

  - But the driver cannot pay attention to the 
    batteries, the speed, the starting of the engine, 
    and all these things because he is driving.  

  - He cannot be too distracted as to become 
    accident-prone.  

  - So we attach a computer to do all these 
    decisions for him.  

  - The driver simply pays attention to the road, the 
    accelerator, the clutch, and the brakes.

SEVENTH - 1
  - Did you know that the computer will engage the 
    alternator so that it will charge the batteries, 
    while the driver is stepping on the brakes?
  - This action of charging the batteries while 
    slowing down the vehicle actually recovers some of 
    the energy that the vehicle has picked up as it 
    was gaining speed.  
  - When they teach Physics in school, they call this 
    energy source “kinetic energy”.  
  - The vehicle also charges the batteries when the 
    driver steps on the brakes while the vehicle is 
    going downhill.  
  - This action again charges the batteries.  
    They call this “change in potential energy”.  

SEVENTH -2

  - So, the batteries are charged every time the 
    driver steps on the brakes.  
  - The energy that is sent back to the batteries 
    are re-used later on to drive our electric motor.  
  - The braking action in conventional cars simply 
    produces heat at the brake pads and this heat is 
    wasted.  
  - A hybrid saves this energy!

- The engine will be using less gas while it is running 
  at its most economical speed (FIRST item above).  
  This usually happens at higher loads, when your 
  accelerator is depressed.
  
- The vehicle does not use gas during the rest of the 
  time that the vehicle is running at slower speeds.  
  It is using power from the batteries (SECOND and THIRD).
  While running slow, it travels and moves passengers 
  and cargo, but in so doing, does not directly use gas.  
  
- Remember that the computer charges the batteries every 
  time the driver steps on the brakes (SEVENTH).  
  
- The power that we recovered as we are stepping on the 
  brakes is something that we will re-use.

2.1 Saves Foreign Exchange (U. S. Dollars)

2.2 Lower Environmental Pollution

2.3 Better Profitability for the Transport Sector

2.4 Some countries give monetary credits to 
    efficient establishments

A few words about foreign exchange.  

  - The country uses dollars for foreign transactions.  

  - One important commodity that requires dollars is 
    the oil that we import.  
  
  - If we are able to use less oil for transporting 
    people and cargo because we are using hybrids, 
    then we would be importing that much less oil.  
  
  - As a result, less dollars would be needed to 
    buy oil.

Why is it important to the Philippines if it saves 
  Foreign Exchange?  
  
  - We could now channel the dollars that we have 
    saved to important infrastructure projects like 
    roads and bridges 
  
  - so that we are able to generate employment and 
  
  - also that it would be less expensive to transport 
    commodities from one place in the country to 
    another.  

A few words about pollution from engines of vehicles.  

  - Every time we run our engine, we are actually 
    releasing gases and other substances into the 
    atmosphere.
    
  - These gases will eventually make our planet 
    un-inhabitable, if we do not find ways of 
    controlling these releases.  
  
  - One effect that such substances do is shield the 
    atmosphere, so that energy from the sun is partially 
    blocked.  While doing so, these substances also 
    prevent the heat that we generate on earth from 
    escaping back to space. 
  
  - Scientists call this phenomenon “global warming”.  

A few words about pollution from engines of vehicles.  

  - Scientists also tell us that global warming has 
    been partly responsible for the radical changes 
    in the climate around the world.  

  - One grim possibility is even put forth, that the 
    ice caps of the north and south poles could melt 
    and submerge major portions of continents.  

  - There are many contributors to pollution, and 
    engines of vehicles is one contributor.  

  - A small reduction in the amount of pollutants 
    from them will go a long way.

Let us look for the answer this way.  

  - If one conventional vehicle burns one liter 
    (1,000 milliliters) of gas to travel 10 kilometers, 
    then it releases substances that came from 
    the combination of gas and air.  
    -- Let us call this “Case A”.  

  - If, on the other hand, we have a hybrid of the 
    same size, one liter would make allow it to travel 
    15 to 25 kilometers.  
    -- Let us call this “Case B”.  

Let us look for the answer this way.  

  - Case B (the hybrid) consumes about half of the 
    fuel for traveling the same distance.  
  - Since it uses only half of the fuel, the 
    substances that it is releasing into the 
    environment is only half.  
  - But that is not all.  
  - Firstly, as it burns fuel more efficiently, it 
    also releases less of the toxic gases like 
    carbon monoxide and other hydrocarbons.  
  - Secondly, since it uses only half of the fuel of 
    Case A (conventional vehicle), it is also 
    releasing less heat into the environment.  

YES, OTHER COUNTRIES give tax incentives for the 
     first owner of a hybrid.  

The state of Colorado in the USA, for example, gives a 
“tax credit” for 2004 models of 
  (a) Toyota Prius:                     $2,678
  (b) Honda Insight (manual):           $3,803
  (c) Honda Civic Hybrid (automatic):   $2,580
  (d) Honda Civic Hybrid (manual):      $2,430  

YES, OTHER COUNTRIES give tax incentives for the 
     first owner of a hybrid.  

  - The state of Colorado effectively gives the buyer 
    a 10% to 15% discount on the hybrid that he buys.  
  - This is in addition to the fuel savings that he 
    will realize because of the economical 
    performance of the hybrid.  
  - In the US, for example, a buyer of a Toyota Prius 
    will wait for eight months for his hybrid to be 
    delivered to him.  
  - In the matter of tax incentives, it will be a 
    matter of time for the Philippines to follow 
    the example of the rest of the developed world.

- The transport sector uses about 1/3rd, or 33%, 
  of all the oil that we import.  
  
- It would be useful if an organization were to make 
  a study on the impact of hybrid-electric vehicles 
  to this figure.  

- Some countries have given themselves target dates 
  for the reduction of pollutants that they will 
  release into the environment.  
- They give monetary credits to more efficient 
  establishments like power plants, or manufacturing 
  establishments like cement plants.  
- Those who hold these credits are free to sell them 
  to less efficient establishments, because these 
  have to pay higher taxes.  
- The government might like to look into the 
  possibility of issuing credits to parties that 
  promote the more efficient use of oil, or develop 
  technologies reduce the amount of pollution that 
  is released into the environment.

- A specific hybrid-electric vehicle is designed for 
  a specific set of traffic conditions.

- A hybrid that is designed for road conditions in the 
  United States, or Japan, or Europe will work very 
  well in those countries.

- When driven on Manila roads, there is no guarantee 
  that the buyer will get a similar performance.

- Since the development of hybrids is going on at a 
  relatively fast pace, we will lose nothing by waiting 
  for the right vehicle to come to the Philippine 
  market.

Should be efficient in 

  - Slow, start/stop, low gear, traffic conditions 
    like that encountered in Manila, Philippine road 
    conditions and metropolitan cities around the world.  
    
  - Parts and components should be readily available.  
    Those that are not in the local market should be 
    readily available from nearby countries.
    
  - Hybrid Systems should be able to become 
    RETROFIT for the improvement of existing jeepneys, 
    buses, tricycles, and automobiles.

4.1 Overall Goal is a Filipino Hybrid Industry.

4.2 National Action Plans

    4.2.1 Legislative

    4.2.2 Financial

    4.2.3 Technological

Revive the Philippine automotive industry 

- so that one can talk about a Filipino Hybrid Industry.  

- The Philippine automotive industry used to be vibrant 
  with local assemblers leading the way.
  
- These were
    -- Sarao Motors, and 
    -- Francisco Motors, among others.
    
- These two might still be tooled for a Filipino Hybrid.

- This action would will create real jobs, and spur 
  industries around the Filipino Hybrid.

  - Legislative Action Plan
  
  - Financial Action Plan
  
  - Technological Action Plan